MODEL QUESTION PAPER
1.Greece had been part of which empire since the fifteenth century?
Ottoman Empire
OR
 1B:Who were called colons in Vietnam?:
French citizens living in Vietnam were called colons.
 2A:Which famous English poet organized funds for the Greek war of independence and went to fight in the war?:
Lord Byron.
OR
 2B:Which country established her power in Vietnam during the early phase of twentieth century?
France
 3:Name two states where red soil is found.
Jharkhand and West Bengal.
 4:How much percentage of world’s surface area is occupied by freshwater?
2.5 per cent.
 5:Jhumming agriculture is popular in which part of India?
Northeastern states of India.
 6:In which year Sri Lanka became an independent country?
Sri Lanka became an independent country in 1948.
 7:Which method is used to find out if an adult is undernourished?
Body Mass Index (BMI) method.
 8A:How was Italy unified? Explain.
The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler. King Victor Emmanuel II, to unify the Italian states through war. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. By a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Regular troops and a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy.
OR
 8B:Explain any three steps taken by the French to achieve their aim to exploit the natural resources of Vietnam
(i) The French built canals and drained land in the Mekong area to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works, built mainly with forced labour, increased rice production and allowed export of rice to international markets. By 1931, Vietnam had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world.
(ii) The French followed rice production with infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, military garrisons and to control the whole region.
(iii) The construction of Trans-Indo-China rail network began to link northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China. The final link with Yunan was completed by 1910. A second line was built, linking Vietnam to Siam.
 9:What was the objective of Simon Commission? Why was it opposed in India
The effects of the worldwide economic depression in the late 1920s were severely felt in the countryside in India. Against this background the new Tory government in Britain constituted a statutory commission under Sir John Simon. Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But the problem was that the Commission did not have a single Indian member. Ail members were British. When the Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan, ‘Go Back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, opposed it and participated in the demonstrations.
 10:Why does the pattern on net sown area vary from one state to another?
On account of the vast ovnansa of India its relief. climate soil and sociol-economic set-up vary from region to region. The pattern of net sown area is over 80 per cent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana. Geographical conditions like climate and soil here are favourable for cultivation Further, due to agricultural advancement through Green Revolution, more areas have been brought under cultivation. On the other hand, less than 10 per cent of the total area is net sown area in Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Topographical constraints, unfavourable climate and socio-economic reasons account for the low proportion or net sown areas in these states.
 11:Which type of soil is ideal for growth of cotton? What are the main characteristics of this type of soil
Black soil, primarily of the Deccan Trap region, is ideal for the growth of cotton. This soil type is also known as black cotton soil for this reason.
Black soil is well known for its moisture or water retentive capacity because it is clayey in nature. It is rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime but generally poor in phosphoric contents.
On account of its clayey nature, black soil develops deep cracks in the hot dry season. This aids proper aeration of the soil. This soil becomes sticky when wet and difficult to work unless tilled immediately after the first shower during the pre-monsoon period.
 12:Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. Give examples.
Metallic minerals can be classified into ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.

Ferrous Minerals	Non-Ferrous Minerals
(i) Metallic minerals containing iron are called ferrous minerals.	Metallic minerals that contain metals other than iron are non-ferrous minerals.
(ii) They account for about three-fourths of the total value of production of metallic minerals in India.	India’s reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory.
(iii)Iron ore, manganese, chromite, tungsten, nickel and cobalt are examples of ferrous minerals.	Copper, lead, tin, bauxite and gold are examples of non-ferrous minerals as they do not contain iron.

 13:Describe the power-sharing mechanism in Lebanon.
As per the agreement:

(i) President must belong to the Maronite sect of Catholic Christians.
(ii) The Prime Minister must be from the Sunni Muslim community.
(iii) The post of Deputy Prime Minister is fixed for Orthodox Christian sect and that of the Speaker for Shia Muslims.
(iv) The Christians agreed not to seek French protection and the Muslims agreed not to seek unification with Syria
 14:Why is it said that a positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate it do not come about easily?

This is so because people who feel marginalised, deprived and discriminated have to fight against the injustices. But when such a fight takes the democratic path, demands are made in a peaceful manner based on constitutional methods. But sometimes social differences can take the form of unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However, it is proved by history that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and to accommodate diversity.
 15:Discuss the ways in which social divisions are reflected in a democracy.

• In a democracy, it is natural that political parties talk about the social divisions and make different promises to different communities.
• They look after the representation of various communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.
• Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others.
• 16How are economic development and human development related to each other

Human development refers to the process of improvements in human beings. People become human resources when investments in them are made in the form of health and education. Life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, per capita GDP are important indicators of human development. Economic development will be sustainable if resources are managed in such a way that future generations do not suffer and have at least the same which present generations have.
 17:What does Human Development Index (HDl) indicate? By whom is HDl prepared?:
Human Development Index (HDl): It makes rating of all countries on a scale of 0 to 1. 0 indicates the lowest human development and 1 indicates the highest human development. Two important points about HDl are :
(i) It measures relative and not absolute level of human development.
(ii) The main emphasis of HDl is on goals, i.e. longevity, knowledge and standard of living (expressed in real per capita income).
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been preparing HDl since 1990.
 18:What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with the help of an example.
Disguised unemployment is a situation where the number of workers engaged in a job is much more than required. If some of them are withdrawn from the job, the total production will not fall. It means that marginal productivity of such workers is zero.
Let us understand it with the help of an example. Laxmi owning about 2 hectares of land is growing crops. All the five members of the family work on the plot throughout the year. Suppose they produce 20 quintals of foodgrains. Now suppose instead of 5, only 3 members work next year and the output is still 20 quintals. It means that three members were enough to work. The other two members are then said to be disguisedly unemployed.
Question 19A:
A What is globalisation? Explain.
Answer:
Globalisation is generally associated with the free movement of capital, goods, technology, ideas and people across the globe. Globalisation in a broader sense also includes cultural exchanges between different countries of the world.
In modem world, globalisation has acquired special significance due to development of Internet technology and telecommunication. Therefore, globalisation involves the following features :

(i) Economic freedom to trade internationally.
(ii) Migration in search of employment and a better life.
(iii) Cultural exchange like the spread of Buddhism and knowledge.

The interlinking of the world is a continuous process from the past. In modem days, interlinking is faster and involves more people. In other words, the world is shrinking in terms of communication and trade.
OR
Question 19B:
What were the positive effects of industrialization on Britain?
Answer:
The political, social and economic life of the people was affected by industrialization. Industrialization was adopted slowly by the people, but when they did, it spread to many cities and towns. Variations existed in terms of wealth and figures. Till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 per cent of the urban population were extremely poor.
Life improved after the 1840s due to massive building activities involving urbanisation, road construction, railways, tunnels, drainage and sewers. Most of the labourers were occupied in these activities. The number of workers employed in transport industry doubled after the 1840s.
OR
Question 19C :
Discuss how Bombay (Mumbai) emerged as the prime city of India.
Answer:
Bombay (Mumbai) was the most important city of India. Its size expanded from the late nineteenth century and population grew from 6,44,405 in 1872 to nearly 1,500,000 in 1941. It passed into the hands of Britain in 1661 as a dowry to King Charles II from his Portuguese bride. The English East India Company shifted its base from Surat in Gujarat to Bombay (Mumbai).
Bombay (Mumbai) was initially a major outlet of cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium passed through it. By the end of the nineteenth century, it became the centre of administrative and industrial control in western India. The importance of Bombay (Mumbai) grew due to maritime trade and as a junction head of two major railways.
Question 20A :
What did the spread of print culture in the 19th century India mean to :
(a) women
(b) the poor?
Answer:
(a) Women :

(i) Women’s reading increased due to education at home and later, in women’s schools.
(ii) Many journals were written for women by women. They contained everything that would interest a woman — household hints, fashions, rituals.

Novels in vernacular languages (Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Tamil and Marathi) highlighted the miserable conditions of women in society. They spoke against denial of education to women, supported widow remarriage and national movement. They serialized stories and provided entertainment to women.
(b) The Poor : Public libraries were opened in big towns, cities and big villages, which made reading accessible to the general public. Some millworkers of Kanpur wrote books about the desperate conditions of the poor. Chief among them were Kashibaba, who wrote Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 against the caste and class distinctions. By the 1930s, Bangalore (Bengaluru) cotton workers also set up libraries to educate themselves.
OR
Question 20B :
Describe in brief the role of novels in popularising the sense of belongingness to a common nation.
Answer:

• Imagining a heroic past was one way in which the novels helped in popularising the sense of beloging to a common nation.
• Another was to include various classes in the novels so that they could be seen to belong to a shared world. Premchand’s novels, for example, were filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society.
• The novels promoted an understanding of different people, different values and differentcommunities. Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s Anguriyo Binimoy (1857) was the first historical novel written in Bengali.
• It glorifies Shivaji and his many battles against the clever and treacherous Aurangzeb, the Mughal ruler. Shivaji became a nationalist figure fighting for the freedom of the Hindus.

Question 21 :
Name the ore from which aluminium is obtained. Why is aluminium considered to be an important metal? Name the areas which have rich deposits of the ore of aluminium.
Answer:
Aluminium is obtained mainly from bauxite. Though several ores contain aluminium, it is from bauxite, a reddish-brown, residual clay-like substance, that alumina and later aluminium is obtained. Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Aluminium is considered to be an important metal because of its properties and wide variety of uses.

• It combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness. So it is used for manufacturing of aircrafts and transport vehicles.
• lt has great malleability. It is used for construction purposes to make door, windows, rods and for making utensils.
• lt also has quality of good conductivity and is used in electrical conductors. Rich deposits of bauxite, the ore of aluminium, are found mainly in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Odisha is the leading producer accounting for about 45 per cent of the total bauxite production in the country.

Question 22 :
How does democracy lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens? Explain.
Answer:

• Democracies accommodate various social divisions. For example, Belgium has peacefully solved her ethnic problems and resolved social differences.
•  All democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct competition, i.e. conduct elections, power-sharing, etc. This reduces the possibility of tensions, due to social divisions, turning violent or explosive.
• Democracy teaches people to respect the differences and resolve conflicts among different groups peacefully. In non-democratic countries, rulers either turn a blind eye to or suppress internal differences. For example, Sri Lanka. The plus point of a democratic regime is its ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.
• A democracy is not just a rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that the government represents the general view.
• A democratic government ensures that the rule by the majority does not become autocratic in terms of religion, race or linguistic group etc. It tries that in case of every election, different persons and groups can form a majority. It tries to see that every citizen has a chance to be in majority at some point of time and is not barred on the basis of birth. All these things ensured by a democratic regime lead to a peaceful and harmonious life.

Question 23 :
Discuss the merits and demerits of two-party system and multi-party system.
Answer:

• In some countries, there are only two main parties and power changes hands between them only.
  They are the only ones who can win seats in elections.
• There may be other parties and they may win a small number of seats, but never enough to form a government.
• The United States of America and United Kingdom are examples of the two-party system. In a multi-party system, three or more parties have a chance to win elections and gain control of the government.
• In the former system, there are more than two distinct, officially recognized groups called political parties.
• In a multi-party system, groups come to power on their own strength or in alliance with others. In India various parties have come together in a coalition.
• In India, there have been three major alliances in the 2004 parliamentary elections as no single party got an absolute majority.
• This system is followed in India, France and Denmark. This system gives a chance to various interests and concerns, to gain representation.
• This system can sometimes lead to instability, as many parties cannot pull together.

Question 24 :
Differentiate between formal and informal sources of credit.
Answer:

Formal Sources	Informal Sources
1. Formal sources of credit arc loans from banks and cooperative societies.	1. Informal sources of credit are money-lenders. traders, employers, relatives. friends etc.
2. Functioning of formal sources of credit is governed by Reserve Bank of India. Their interest rate and money lending details are periodically checked by RBI	2. There is no organisation that manage or check the credit activities performed by informal sources.
3. Rate of interest is common and fixed for all formal sources and borrowers.	3. Rate of interest depends upon the choice of moneylenders.
4. Formal sources of credit needs to satisfy all the terms of credit before credit, activities.	4. Informal sources of credit are flexible in term of credit.
5. They provide cheap and affordable credit for both urban and rural borrowers interest.	5. They generally charge higher rate of interest.

Question 25 :
Explain any four ways in which multinational corporations have spread their production and interaction with local producers in various countries across the globe.
Answer:
The multinational corporations have spread their production and interaction with local producers in the following ways :

• Setting up production jointly with local companies. They provide money for additional investments like buying new machines for faster production. For example : Cargil Foods, a very large MNC (USA), has bought smaller Indian companies such as Parekh Foods.
• The MNCs provide efficient managerial and advanced technology for faster production and efficient use of resources.
• They have increased their investments over the past 15 years. They provide employment opportunities to the masses. The local companies supplying raw material to these industries have prospered.
• Many food processing multinational companies such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola have taken over Indian markets in cold drinks and food products. This helps in greater choice for consumers with a variety of goods at cheap prices.

Question 26 :
Locate and label the following in the given outline political map of India.
Answer:
(i) Amritsar
(ii) The place where Indian National Congress Session was held in 1927.
Question 27 :
Two features A and B are marked in the given outline political map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.
(A) The place where Indian National Congress session was held in 1929.
(B) The place where Non-Cooperation Movement was called off.
Answer:
(A) Lahore
(B) Chauri-Chaura

Question 28 :
Locate and label the following items on the given map with appropriate symbols.
Answer:
(i) Narora Nuclear Power Station
(ii) Surat Textile Centre
(iii) Tuticorin Seaport

(28.1) Name the place where Congress session was held in December, 1920.

(28.2) Name the place where the Satyagraha of cotton mill workers took place.
(28.3) In which state is Kalpakkam Nuclear power plant located?
(28.4) Name the southern terminal station of North-South Corridor.
(28.5) In which state is Rawat Bhata Nuclear Power Plant located?
Answer:
(28.1) Nagpur
(28.2) Ahmedabad
(28.3) Tamil Nadu
(28.4) Kanniyakumari
(28.5) Rajasthan
MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2

Question 1A: When was Ireland forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom? Answer: In 1801 OR Question 1B: To control Southeast Asia, in which year Japan occupied Vietnam? Answer: 1940 Question 2A: Why did Germania wear a crown of oak leaves? Answer: Because the German Oak stands for heroism. OR Question 2B: Name a Hollywood movie which reflected the moral confusion that the US- Vietnam war had caused in the US? [1] Answer: ‘Apocalypse’ (1979) by John Ford Cappola. Question 3: Name two public sector industries. Answer: (i) Bharat Heavy Electronic Ltd. (BHEL) (ii) Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) Question 4: Where was the first jute mill in India set up? Answer: At Rishra near Kolkata in 1859. Question 5: Where is Naharkatiya oil refinery situated? Answer: Assam. Question 6: What is the most distinctive feature of democracy? Answer: The most distinctive feature of democracy is that its examination never gets over. As it passes one test, it produces another test. Question 7: Which sector has the largest number of underemployed persons? Answer: Primary Sector. Question 8A: Explain the role of women in the nationalist struggles of Europe. Answer: The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the elections to the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery. OR Question 8B: What was Phan Chu Trinh’s objective for Vietnam? How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau? Answer: The objectives of the two nationalists, Phan Chu Trinh and Phan Boi Chau, were different from each other. Phan Chu Trinh (1871 -1926) did not want to resist the French with the aid of monarchy. He was influenced by the Western idea of democracy and wanted to set up a democratic republic of Vietnam. Phan Boi Chau (1867 – 1940) went on to form a revolutionary society with Prince Cuong De. So, we can say that Phan Boi Chau favoured monarchy and Phan Chu Trinh favoured a republic. Question 9: What was the cause of disagreement between the Congress-led Non-Cooperation Movement and the peasants’ and workers’ movements? Answer: The Congress under Gandhiji believed in achieving ‘Swaraj’ by peaceful means and total non-violence. He believed Satyagraha, truth and non-violence. He believed in non-cooperation with British regime. The peasants and workers, though believed in Gandhi’s Swaraj, khadi and boycott, did not believe in non-violence. They turned violent to gain their aims, which went against the Congress creed. The violence at Chauri-Chaura led to suspension of the Non-Cooperation movement. Question 10: Explain the importance, occurrence and distribution of petroleum in India. Answer: Petroleum is the next major energy source in India after coal.  Petroleum occurrence in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. About 63 percent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High, 18 percent from Gujarat and 16 percent from Assam. Ankleshwar is the most important oil field of Gujarat while Assam is the oldest oil producing state in India. Question 11: How are agriculture and industries interdependent on each other? Explain any three points. Answer: Agriculture and industry go hand in hand. The agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. Agriculture needs pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, etc, which creates demand for industry to produce such items. Competitiveness of manufacturing industries as well as efficiency of production processes are both improved. Question 12: How do physical and economic factors influence the distribution pattern of Indian railway network? Explain with examples. Answer: The distribution pattern of the railway network in India has been greatly influenced by physical and economic factors. Level lands of the Northern Plains of India with high density of population, rich agricultural resources and greater industrial activity have favoured the development of railways in this region. The region, therefore, has the densest network of railways in India. The rugged terrain of the Himalayan mountain region in the north and the north-eastern states with sparse population and lack of economic opportunities are unfavourable for construction of railway lines and railway network is lacking in these regions. Question 13: Political parties are rightly called the government in disguise. Justify the statement in reference to democratic politics by giving four arguments.Answer: Parties contest elections. In most democracies elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party. Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Most of the members of a legislature belong to a party and they go by the direction of the party leadership. Parties form and run governments. Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want. Question 14: Bring out any three arguments in support of democracy as a better form of government as compared to dictatorship. Answer: Democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean but a democratic government is people’s own government. This is not true in case of dictatorship. In a democratic government citizens have fundamental rights and duties but in dictatorship it is not so. In a democratic form of government, the decision making process is slow. Because it follows the procedures and its decisions are more acceptable to the people. This is not seen in the dictatorship type of government. Question 15: What could be the two possible outcomes of politics of social divisions? Answer: The two outcomes are : (i) Political divisions could lead to violence and disintegration of a country. Example: Yugoslavia. (ii) They could be amicably settled in a democracy where rulers share power, and people think of themselves as nationalists and then as belonging to a religious or ethnic or linguistic group. Example : India. Question 16: In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is it necessary? Answer: The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loan. For example, we have seen that the banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive. The RBI monitors that the banks actually maintain the cash balance. Similarly, the RBI sees that the banks give loans not just to profit making businesses but also to small cultivators, small scale industries etc. Question 17: Why are transactions made in money? Explain with suitable examples. Answer: Money is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the government of India. In money transactions, money can be paid for any goods or services one desires. For example : the producer of shoes may want wheat in exchange for his shoes. But he may find it difficult to find a person who is also willing to exchange his wheat for shoes. So simultaneous fulfilment of mutual wants is the first and foremost condition to buy and sell the commodity. In money transaction one can buy a commodity whenever one wants it. One does not have to wait for another person to agree to an exchange of goods. Question 18: Explain any three ways by which people may be exploited in the market. Answer: Consumer may be exploited in the market in the following ways :  Substandard quality : Selling of medicines beyond their expiry date, supply of defective home appliances etc. are examples of activities by traders through which they sell substandard quality of goods. Higher prices : Traders sometimes charge a price higher than the Maximum Retaii Price (MRP). Duplicate Articles : Many false and duplicate products are being sold to the consumers. Question 19A: Trace the origin of Silk Route and describe its significance. Answer: The Silk Route is one of the world’s oldest and historically most important trade route which affected the cultures of China, Central Asia and the West. It had many branches leading to different regions, including ancient India. It played an important role as a means of pre-modem trade and cultural exchange between different regions. The Romans learned about the Silk Route from the Pailhians around 53 B.C.E. They used the word “Seres” or the silk people to refer to the Chinese. The modem word “Silk Route” was coined by a German scholar, von Richthofen, in the nineteenth century. Silk was considered the most precious by the Romans even though it was only one of the many commodities that was traded between China and the world through this route. OR Question 19B: Explain the miserable conditions of Indian weavers during the East India Company’s regime in the eighteenth century. Answer: Once the East India Company established political power, it started asserting monopoly right to trade. It proceeded to develop a system which gave it control to eliminate all competition, control costs and ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods. It took the following steps. First, it eliminated the existing traders and brokers and established direct control over the weaver. It appointed a special officer called the ‘gomastha’ to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of the clothes. Second, it prevented the Company weavers from dealing with other buyers. They advanced loans to weavers to purchase the raw materials, after placing an order. The ones who took loans had to give their cloth to the gomastha. They could not sell it to any other trader. Weavers took advance, hoping to earn more. Some weavers even leased out their land to devote- all time to weaving. The entire family became engaged in weaving. But soon there were fights between the weavers and the gomasthas. The latter used to march into villages with sepoys and often beat up the weavers for delays in supply. In many places like Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted their villages. In many places they revolted against the Company and its officials. Weavers began refusing to accept loans after some time, closed down their workshops and became agricultural labourers. OR Question 19C: Mention various measures taken to decongest London in the 19th and 20th centuries. Answer: Rent control to prevent severe housing shortage. Building a Green Belt around London as “New Lungs” for the city. Building holiday homes in the countryside by wealthy residents of London. Ebenezer Howard, an architect and planner, planned “Garden City” full of plants and trees where people could work as well as live. Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the Garden city of New Earswick. A million houses were built by local authorities. Question 20A: How did the print expose caste and class exploitation? Answer: From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of Tow caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871). In the twentieth century’, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read by people all over India. Local protest movements and sects also created a lot of popular journals and tracts criticising ancient scriptures and envisioning a new and just future. Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the education to write much about their experiences. But Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation. The poems of another Kanpur millworker, who wrote under the name of Sudarshan Chakr between 1935 and 1955, were brought together and published in a collection called Sacchi Kavitayen. OR Question 20B: Describe in brief the role of novels in popularising the sense of belongingness among Indians. Answer:  Imagining a heroic past was one way in which the novel helped in popularising the sense of belonging to a common nation.  Another was to include various classes in the novel so that they could be seen to belong to a shared world. Premchand’s novels, for example, were filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society.  The novels promoted an understanding of different people, different values and different communities. Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s Anguriyo Binimoy (1857) was the first historical novel written in Bengali. It glorifies Shivaji and his many battles against the clever and treacherous Aurangzeb, the Mughal ruler. It describes how Shivaji escaped from the clutches of Aurangzeb. It helped the reader in imagining a nation full of adventure, heroism, romance and sacrifice. Shivaji became a nationalist figure fighting for the freedom of the Hindus. Question 21: Why has the water shortage problem aggravated in post-independent India? Answer: Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation witnessed in post-independent India have significantly contributed to the exploitation of the available fresh water resources. Industries require huge supply of water for production, Cooling of machineries and for power supply in the from of hydroelectricity Ever increasing urban centres with large and dense population and urban lifestyles have increased the domestic water requirement and power requirement. Individual groundwater pumping devices in housing complexes of big cities have aggravated the problem of depletion of water resources. Agricultural progress in the post-independence era has also eventually led to water scarcity. Irrigation in different forms to increase agricultural production exploits the available surface and groundwater sources excessively. As a result of the above mentioned reasons, the water shortage problem has aggravated in post-independent India. Question 22: Politics too influences the caste system. Explain giving five points. Answer: Politics in castes takes the following forms:(i) Each caste tries to widen its base to gain majority. It starts including neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were not in their group earlier. (ii) Various caste groups form coalition with other castes or communities and thus enter into negotiations. (iii) Many new caste groups come up in the political field like ‘backward’ and ‘forward caste groups’. (iv) Politicisation of caste is quite common during elections in our country (v) Political parties appeal to the caste sentiments to influence voters to vote for them. Question 23: Mention some of the suggestions made to reform political parties. Answer: Laws made to regulate internal politics of parties. It should be compulsory to maintain a register of its members, hold independent inquiry in case of a party dispute and hold open elections to top party posts. It should be mandatory to give 1/3 party tickets to women candidates. There should be a quota for women in decision making bodies. The government or the state should help parties during elections by funding them. Expenses for petrol, paper, telephone etc. can be given. Cash can be given on the basis of votes secured by the party in the last elections. Question 24: Why is the tertiary sector becoming more important than other sectors in India? Give four reasons. Answer: Tertiary sector has become important in India due to (i) Basic services like hospitals, education, post and telegraph, courts etc. are the responsibility of the government. (ii) Demand for services such as transport, trade, storage has increased with the development of primary and secondary sectors. (iii) Demand for tourism, shopping, private schools, private hospitals etc. increased with the increase in the level of income. (iv) Rapid growth of service sector also benefited from external demand such as software industry and call centre services. Question 25: The workers in the unorganized sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples. Answer: In unorganized sectors workers are exploited by the private individuals because their aim is to earn more profit. They are not concerned with the safety and health of the employees. They also pay low wages to increase their profits. In such a type of organization working conditions are not good. So the protection of their rights is necessary. They can take the help of labour laws and courts. Outdated and obsolete machines installed in factories play havoc with health of workers. These need upgradation. Government should make laws and strictly implement them for benefit of workers. Question 26: Locate and label the following on the given outline political map of India. (i) Lahore (ii) Amritsar Question 27: Two features A and B are marked in the given outline political map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map. (A) The place where the movement of indigo cultivators took place. (B) The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in 1927. Answer: (A) Champaran (B) Madras Question 28: Locate and label the following items on the same map with appropriate symbols. (i) Kanpur – Cotton Textile Industry (ii) Bhadravati – Iron and Steel Plant (iii) Paradip – Seaport on eastern coast (28.1) Where was the 1929 session of Congress held? (28.2) Name a thermal power plant in Orissa (Odisha). (28.3) In which state Amritsar is situated. (28.4) Naharkatia is famous for what? (28.5) Where is Bokaro steel plant located? Answer: (28.1) Lahore (28.2) Talcher (28.3) Punjab (28.4) Oilfield (28.5) Jharkhand  Question 1A: Which language in Poland came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance? Answer: Polish language OR Question 1B: Who was made the first Chairman of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam? Answer: Ho Chi Minh was made the first chairman of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Question 2A: When did the struggle for independence of Greece begin? Answer: In 1821. OR Question 2B: Name the war that has been called the first television war. Answer: War between US and Vietnam has been called the first television war. Question 3: The first metro train was set up in which Indian city? Answer: Calcutta (Kolkata). Question 4: Which state is the largest producer of mineral oil? Answer: Maharashtra. Question 5: Which is the major source of irrigation in peninsular India? Answer: Tanks are the major source of irrigation in peninsular India. Question 6: Who allots a ‘symbol’ to the political parties? Answer: The Election Commission allots a symbol to the political parties. Question 7: When was MNREGA implemented? Answer: In the year 2005. Question 8A: In which year was the unification of Italy completed? Mention two features of the unification movement. Answer: Unification of Italy took place in 1860. Despite formidable hurdles which beset the path of unification of Italy, the feeling of liberty, equality and patriotism could not remain suppressed among Italians for a long time. Some patriots, supporters of democracy, writers, philosophers and many secret institutions resolved to launch a combined struggle to achieve liberty and liberalism for Italy. OR Question 8B: What were the results of the colonisation of Vietnam by the French? Answer: French colonisation was not based only on economic exploitation. It was driven by the idea of a civilising mission and claimed that they would introduce modem civilised life to the Vietnamese. Being a colony all the natural, essential and human resources of Vietnam were exploited. As a result agricultural productivity declined because of that economic exploitation. Educational system was also transformed. Vietnam was subjugated socially, economically and politically. Question 9: Explain the two important factors that shaped Indian politics during the 1920s. Answer: The first was the worldwide economic depression which brought the agricultural prices crashing down in India. Farmers could not sell their produce and the whole country-side was in turmoil. The British constituted a statutory commission in 1927 under Sir John Simon. The aim was to diffuse nationalism aroused by the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India. It was an all-white ’ commission, with not a single Indian member in it. It set the political world in India on fire and led to Gandhiji starting the Civil Disobedience Movement. Question 10: Why is mica considered to be an indispensable mineral for the electronics industry? Mention the names of the main mica-producing areas of India. Answer: Mica is a non-conductor of electricity. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is an indispensable mineral for the electrical and electronics industries. Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading mica-producing area of India. In Rajasthan, the major mica-producing area is around Ajmer. In Andhra Pradesh, the Nellore mica belt is an important mica-producing area. Question 11: Mention any three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India. Answer: Three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are as follows : (i) Power supply is erratic and machineries are outdated. (ii) Output of labour is low. (iii) Facing stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry. Question 12: What is the difference between personal communication and mass communication? State any two points of importance of mass communication. Answer: Personal communication means a communication between two persons either through oral, letter or through telephone etc, while mass communication includes the use of radio, television, press, films etc, for wider public audience. The two points of importance of mass communication are (i) it provides entertainment and (ii) creates awareness among people about various national and international programmes and policies. Question 13: How does power sharing help in democracy? Mention three points. Answer: (i) Power-sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. (ii) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order and unity of the nation. (iii) A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation acquire a stake in the system. Question 14: What could be the two possible outcomes of politics of social divisions? Answer: The two outcomes are : (i) Political divisions could lead to violence and disintegration of a country. Example: Yugoslavia. (ii) They could be amicably settled in a democracy where rulers share power, and people think of themselves first as nationalists and then as belonging to a religious or ethnic or linguistic group. Example : India. Question 15: Some people think that democracy produces less efficient and effective government. Do you agree with their views? Answer: It is true that some delay is bound to take place in democracy as it is based on deliberation and negotiation. It is also true that non-democratic rulers can be very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation. But they may take decisions that are not acceptable to the people but are forced on them. On the other hand, because democratic governments follow procedures, its decisions may be more acceptable to the people and more effective. So I do not agree with the view that democracy is a less effective and more inefficient form of government. Question 16: What do the banks do with the ‘public deposits’? Describe their working mechanism. Answer: Banks accept deposits from the public and use the major portion of these deposits to extend loans. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities. Banks make use of these deposits to meet the loan requirement of the people and thereby earn interest. This is, in fact, the main source of income of the banks. In this way, a bank acts as a mediator between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers). Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits. Question 17: How does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary? Answer: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervised the banks in the following ways : It monitors the balance kept by banks for day-to-day transactions. It checks that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to small borrowers. Periodically banks have to give details about lending, borrowers and interest rate to RBI. It is necessary for securing public welfare. It avoids the bank to run the business with profit motive only. It also keeps a check on interest rate of credit facilities provided by bank. RBI makes sure that the loans from the banks are affordable and cheap. Question 18: Explain any three ways in which MNCs set up or control production in other countries. Answer: Multinational Corporations (MNCs) set up their factories or production units close to markets where they can get desired type of skilled or unskilled labour at low costs along with other factors of production. After ensuring these conditions MNCs set up production units in the following ways : (i) Jointly with some local companies of the existing country. (ii) Buy the local companies and then expand its production with the help of modem technology. (iii) They place orders for small producers and sell these products under their own brand name to the customers worldwide. Question 19A: Write down important causes and effects of the Second World War. Answer: The Second World War started in 1939 and continued up to 1945. Causes: Many factors had caused the Second World War. The Great Depression of 1929, failure of the League of Nations, rise of dictatorship in Germany and Italy under Hitler and Mussolini respectively were some of the important causes. Effects : (i) About 3 per cent of the world’s population perished. (ii) Two crucial developments shaped the post-war scenario. They were : (a) The emergence of USA and the USSR as superpowers.At least 6 million people died, and millions more were injured. Most of the deaths took place outside the battlefields. More civilians than fighting soldiers died. Vast parts of Europe and Asia were devastated and several cities destroyed by aerial bombings. It caused enormous economic devastation and social disruption. Reconstruction was long and difficult. (b) The establishment of international organisations like the UNO and others to maintain peace and stability. OR Question 19B: Explain any three problems faced by the Indian weavers by the turn of the 19th century. Answer: The three problems faced by weavers by the turn of the 19th century were : (i) Decline in export market: By the 1860s insufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality affected the Indian weavers. Due to the American Civil War, the supply of raw cotton from USA had stopped. Britain turned to India for new cotton export. This resulted in price rise and the Indian weavers suffered. In the beginning of the 19th century, there was a sharp decline in Indian export of cotton piece exports. In 1811-12, 33% of exports were made price goods. In 1850-51, it was no more than 3%. (ii) The British started dumping mill-made and machine-made British goods in India. British exports to India for textile goods increased from 31% to over 50% in the 1870s. The local markets collapsed as they were glutted with Manchester imports. Machine-made goods were sold at lower prices and Indian weavers could not compete with them. (iii) Another problem cropped up for weavers. At the end of the 19th century, India started producing cotton textiles in factories and punished the weavers for delays in supply, often beating and flogging them. The weavers lost the power to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The Company paid them a miserably low price. The loans tied them to the Company. It led to deserted villages and migration to other cities. OR Question 19C: How did the development of cities influence the ecology and environment in the late nineteenth century? Explain by giving an example of Calcutta (Kolkata). Answer: City development everywhere has been at the expense of ecology and environment. To accommodate factories, housing and other institutions, natural features are either transformed or flattened out. Large quantities of refuse and waste products pollute air and water, and excessive noise becomes a feature of urban life. In the late 19th century, use of coal in homes and industries raised serious probiems. For exampie, in Caicutta, inhabitants innaied grey smoke, particularly in winter. Since Calcutta was built on marshy land, the fog and smoke combined to generate a thick black smog. High levels of pollution were a result of the huge population using dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries that used steam engines run on coal. The introduction of the railway in 1855 brought a new dangerous pollutant – coal from Raniganj. It had a high content of ash. Calcutta became the first Indian city in 1863 to get smoke nuisance legislation. Question 20A: What were the problems in reading handwritten manuscripts in India? Answer: The handwritten books were very expensive and very fragile. They were difficult to carry and had to be handled carefully. They were also not easy to read as the script was written in many styles. Because of this difficulty they were not widely read. Teachers dictated them from memory and the students wrote them down. Students learnt not to read the manuscripts but only wrote them. Though, in pre-colonial period, Bengal had many village primary schools, the manuscripts were not used in everyday life. Thus, students became literate without ever actually reading the texts. OR Question 20B: Explain any three reasons for the popularity of the novel in the 18th century. Answer: Novels became popular from the 18th century in Europe. (i) The number of readership increased as new groups of lower middle-class people such as shopkeepers and clerks, along with the traditional aristocratic and gentlemanly classes in England formed the new readership for novels. (ii) As readership grew, markets for books expanded, the earnings of authors increased. They now had the freedom to experiment with different literary styles. They were no longer dependent on the patronage of the aristocrats. The novel allowed flexibility in form of writing. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela was an epistolary novel; Walter Scott wrote historical novels and Henry Fielding wrote Tom Jones and called himself a founder of this new province of writing. The different styles and experiments added to the popularity of the (iii) Third and most important was that technological improvements brought down the price of books. The novel became the first mass produced item to be sold. The world created by novels was absorbing, believable and seemingly real. People could read them in private or in public and have a group discussion. Question 21: Mention four geographical requirements each for the growth of tea and sugarcane. Answer: Tea is the main beverage crop of India. Four geographical requirements for its growth are: (i) The tea plant grows best in tropical and subtropical climate. (ii) Tea bushes require warm and moist and frost-free climate with temperature between 20°C to 30°C and annual rainfall of 150 to 250 cm. (iii) Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. (iv) Deep, fertile, well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter are ideal for its growth. Hence, gently rolling topography in uplands is favourable for its cultivation. Four geographical conditions required for growth of sugarcane are : (i) Sugarcane grows best in tropical and subtropical climate. It is an annual crop requiring a year for maturing. (ii) It grows well in hot and humid climate with temperature of 21 °C to 27°C and an annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm. (iii) Frost is injurious for the plant and rainfall before ripening decreases sucrose content. Hence, frost-free weather and short, cool, dry winter during ripening and harvesting are favourable. (vi) It can grow in a variety of soils, but clayey alluvial soil of northern plains and black soil in south are ideal for its growth. Question 22: How can you say that power-sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the Constitution came into force? Answer: In the early years, the same party ruled both at the Centre and in most of the states. But in the states where the rival parties ruled, the central government often misused its power to dismiss the state governments. This undermined the spirit of federalism. But after 1990, there was a rise of regional parties in many states of the country. It was at this time that since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties, including several regional parties to form a government at the Centre. This led to the era of coalition governments – a new culture of power-sharing and respect for the autonomy of state governments. Question 23: How does communalism create problems in politics? Answer: The way one uses religion in politics is communal politics. It creates problems when one sees religion as the basis of the nation. When one religion considers itself superior to other religions. When there is discrimination against the followers of the other religion. When state power is used to help one religion to dominate other religious groups. When the demands of one religious group are in opposition to others. Question 24: Distinguish between primary sector and secondary sector. Answer: Primary Sector Secondary Sector (i) Primary sector includes all agricultural and allied activities, c.g.. forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, etc. This sector is also known as manufacturing sector. (ii) It produces goods by exploiting natural resources such as land, water, forests, mines, etc. Manufacturing sector converts one type of commodity into another. For example – manufacturing of cotton cloth from cotton yarn, sugar from sugarcane, etc. (iii) Farmers buy many goods such as tractors, fertilisers, equipment, etc. from secondary sector. Thus, it shows the dependence of primary sector on secondary sector. Similarly, manufacturing sector needs raw materials such as cotton yarn to produce cotton, sugarcane to produce sugar, wood for furniture, etc, This shows the dependence of secondary sector on primary’ sector. (iv) Agriculture, a part of the primary sector, is the largest sector and plays the most important role. Manufacturing is one of the important components of secondary sector. Question 25: What is tertiary sector? Who are employed in this sector? Answer: This is the third sector of economy on the basis of occupation. People provide various kinds of services like transports, communication, banking etc. Another lame for the tertiary sector is service sector. Two different kinds of people are engaged in service sector. These are : (i) Highly skilled and educated workers in small numbers. (ii) Very large number of unskilled workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, transport persons (drivers), etc. Highly educated workers include teachers, lawyers, doctors and people producing other services. Question 26: Locate and label the following on the given outline political map of India. Answer: (i) Chauri – Chaura (ii) Calcutta (Kolkata) Question 27: Two features A and B are marked in the given outline political map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map. (A) The place from where the movement of Indigo planters was started. (B) The place where Indian National Congress session in 1927 was held. Answer: Question 28: Locate and label the following items on the same map with appropriate symbols. (i) Mohali – Software Technology Park (ii) Bokaro – Iron and Steel Industry (iii) Kalpakkam – Nuclear Power Plant . (28.1) Where was Congress Session of September 1920 held? (28.2) Name the place where first Satyagraha of Gandhiji took place. (28.3) Name the state where Bhadravati Iron and Steel Plant is located. (28.4) In which state is the Kandla Seaport located? (28.5) Name an important port in Orissa (Odisha). Answer: (28.1) Calcutta (28.2) Champaran (28.3) Karnataka (28.4) Gujarat (28.5) ParadipQuestion 1A: Who was described by Metternich as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’? Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini OR Question 1B: Name a woman warrior in Vietnam who shot down a jet with just twenty bullets. Answer: Nguyen Thi Xuan Question 2: What were the demands of peasants during the Non-Cooperation Movement? Answer: The peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. Question 3: Name two conventional sources of energy. Answer: Coal and Petroleum Question 4: Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is located in which state? Answer: Andhra Pradesh. Question 5: When was the Food Corporation of India established? Answer: It was established in 1965. Question 6: Define the two-party system? Answer: A two-party system is a system where two major political parties dominate politics and government. Question 7: What is globalization? Answer: It is the process of rapid integration or inter-connection between countries. Question 8.A: Briefly trace the process of German unification. Answer: In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of the middle-class Germans. They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German States. But the monarchy and the military got together to repress them and they gained support from the landowners of Prussia (the Junkers) too. Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement. Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy. The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years time. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. OR Question 8.B: Explain any three main features of Tonkin Free School. Answer: Like other colonisers, the French also thought that they were on a civilising mission. Thus, the Tonkin Free School was opened to give Western education. The school taught science, hygiene and French, other than the common subjects. For these three subjects the students had to attend evening classes and also pay separately. The students were not only made to attend these classes but they were asked to sport modem looks too. A typical example of this was that Vietnamese were asked to cut off their long hair and adopt a short hair cut which was absolutely against their culture. Question 9: Explain the idea of Satyagraha. Answer: Gandhiji said ‘Satyagraha’ was not passive resistance but it called for intensive activity. Physical force was not used against the oppressor, nor vengeance was sought. Only through the power of truth and non-violence, an appeal was made to the conscience of the oppressor. Persuasion, not force, would make the oppressor realise the truth. This ‘dharma’ of non-violence and truth united people against the oppressor and made them realise the truth. Question 10: State the importance of petroleum as an energy resource. Mention any four oil fields of India. Answer: Petroleum is the next major energy source in India after coal. Petroleum provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for number of manufacturing industries – synthetic textiles, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries. (i) Mumbai High. (ii) Ankeleshwar, Gujarat. (iii) Digboi, Assam, (iv) Bassien, Arabian Sea. Question 11: Distinguish between an integrated steel plant and a mini steel plants stating three points of distinction. Answer: An integrated steel plant is larger than a mini steel plant. Mini steel plants use steel scrap and sponge iron while integrated steel plant use basic raw materials, i.e. iron ore for making steel. Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while integrated steel plant produces only steel. Question 12: Write a short note on (i) Personal written communication (ii) Telecom network of India. Answer: (i) Personal written communication includes cards and envelopes which is also called first class mail. (ii) India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia. Excluding urban places more than two thirds of the villages in India have already been covered with Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) telephone facility. The development of space technology with communication technology has made integrated development of telecom network successful. Question 13: What is meant by national parties? State the criteria for recognizing a party as national and state party. Answer: Political parties in India are recognized as ‘National’ or ‘State’ party by the Election Commission of India. There are some countrywide parties which are called ‘national parties’. These parties have their units in various states. But by and large all these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level. A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and wins at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party. A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and wins at least two seats is recognised as a state party. Question 14: Why are democracies unable to reduce economic inequalities? Explain. Answer: Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal right in electing representatives. Parallel to the process of bringing individuals into the political arena on an equal footing, there are growing economic inequalities. A few of the rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes. Not only that, their share in the total income of the country has been increasing. Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon. Their incomes have been declining and sometimes they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life such as food, clothing, house, education and health. Question 15: Is the combination of social divisions with politics always explosive? Substantiate with examples from India. Answer: l he combination of social divisions with politics is not always explosive. Hather in a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and healthy. This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these. This leads to the strengthening of democracy. For example, in India, the provision of reservation for certain classes as given in our constitution is a political expression for the welfare of those exploited for centuries. Question 16: What are the various social indicators of development? Answer: Although the level of income is important indicator of development, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development. Other social indicators are : Health and Education : People become human resource when investments are made in their health and education. Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males. An ideal sex ratio should be more or less equal number of males and females. Sex ratio in favour of males indicates sex discrimination which goes against development. Question 17: Explain the ‘decent standard of living. Answer: Minimum items to enable human beings to survive and to keep body and soul together are water, food and shelter. But a certain level of comfort above that has always been considered necessary for a “decent” standard of living. Just how much space there is between necessity and decency depends upon the society’s opinion which changes all the time. Decent standard of living can be expressed in terms of per capita GDP. Question 18: What is organised sector? Describe its working conditions. Answer: Organised Sector : This sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular. They are registered by the government and have to follow the rules and regulations. These people have job security. Working Conditions : (i) Fixed working hours in organized sector: In organized sector working hours are fixed. If employee is working after the fixed time, he would be paid extra money for it. (ii) Wage structure divided under various heads : The wage structure is divided under various heads like provident fund, gratuity and various allowances. Employees get pension after retirement in organized sector. Question 19.A: How is culture a great agent of globalization? Explain with example. Answer: Trade and cultural exchange went hand in hand. Religion was perhaps one of the most important commodities carried along the Silk Route. Buddhism reached China from India along the northern branch of the route. The Karakoram passes were used as a means by the missionaries to explore the faiths and scriptures. Art, literature and philosophical ideas were exchanged and in the process, it affected the cultures of different countries to which the route branched out. Even Christian missionaries travelled along the Silk Route to Asia, followed by Muslim preachers a few centuries later. The long rule of British in India also left an indelible western influence in different ways. OR Question 19.B: Describe the nexus between merchants and cotton textile producers in proto-industry. Answer: In the proto-industrial stage, cotton textile was produced in the following ways (i) Merchant clothier bought wool from stapler, the person who sorted wool according to its fibres. (ii) Then, he took the wool to Spinners to produce spun yams. (iii) Yam (threads) were finally given to the weavers for weaving and the fullers who gathered cloths by pleating and finally sent to dyers for colouring. As a result, a close relationship between town and countryside developed in which a network of commercial exchange existed between merchants and farmers. OR Question 19.C: What forms of entertainment were available in nineteenth century in England to provide leisure activities for the people? Answer: Cultural events increased as a form of leisure as London expanded in the middle of the eighteenth century. During the Annual London Season, the wealthy Britishers celebrated mostly by patronising operas, theatres and classical music performances. The London Season was a traditional celebration time for upper class after the Christmas and Easter festivals. The pubs were meeting places where drinks were served, news were exchanged and debates on different issues were discussed especially by the working class. Libraries, art galleries, museums, etc, were established in the nineteenth century and they increased historical sense and pride in British identity and achievements. Question 20.A: What was the role of cartoons and caricatures in new forms of publications? Answer: By the 1870s, cartoons and caricatures appeared in many journals and newspapers. They commented on social and political issues. By making fun of certain beliefs, they aroused the public and made them think about certain rules of society and the role of imperial rulers. Some caricatures made fun of the educated Indians’ fascination for everything western in tastes, clothes, etc. Some, on the other hand, expressed fear of change of any kind. In the field of politics they lampooned the behaviour and attitude of imperial rulers. The imperial rulers returned the compliment by making fun of and caricaturing the nationalists. Cartoons and caricatures typically suggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only in sensual pleasures while the common people suffered immense hardships. This literature circulated underground and led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy. OR Question 20.B: What were the main themes of the novels in the 19th century? Answer: In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution had changed the society. Factories came up and the rich kept all the profits and became richer. The poor had a miserable time. There was unemployment and people roamed on streets in search of jobs. Novelists wrote critically about the deplorable condition of the poor. Charles Dickens described these conditions in his novel ‘Hard Times ’ and ill-treatment of children in workhouses in his novel ‘Oliver Twist’. His novel Hard Times (1854) describes Coke town, a fictitious industrial town, as a grim place full of machinery, smoking chimneys, rivers polluted purple and buildings that all looked the same. Here workers are known as ‘hands’, as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. Dickens criticised the greed for profits. Question 21: Distinguish between Intensive Subsistence Farming and Commercial Farming. Answer: Intensive Subsistence Farming Commtrctat Farming (i) This type of farming is practised in area of high population pressure on land, (i) This type of farming is practised in area of low population density’. (ii) Farmer and his family produce mainly cereal crops for subsistence of the family and for local market. (ii) Crops are grown on a large scale for commercial purposes, and for export to other countries. (iii) It is a labour-intensive agriculture. (iii) It is capital-intensive, requiring high application of modem inputs. (iv) Farm sizes are small and uneconomical due to fragmentation of landholding on account of ‘right of inheritance’, (iv) Farm sizes are large, allowing for use of modem machineries and for large scale production. (v) Fanners try to take maximum output from the limited land in absence of alternative source of livelihood. (v) Farmers earn huge profit in commercial agriculture from sale of crops. Question 22: How can religion influence politics? Answer: Gandhiji believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from all religions. Ideas, ideals and values drawn from different religions can play a role in politics. These can have a good moral effect on politics. People should have the freedom to express in politics their needs, interest and demands as a member of a religious community People who hold political power should see that discrimination and oppression do not take place due to religion. Religious sentiments should not be exploited for electoral gains. Question 23: In which way does the language policy in India help our country avoid the situation that Sri Lanka is in today? Answer: Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Although Hindi was identified as the official language but there were many safeguards to protect other languages. According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purpose was to stop in 1965. However, many non-Hindi-speaking states demanded that the use of English should continue. The central government decided to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes. Hindi is not imposed on states where people speak a different language. The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country avoid the kind of situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in. In Sri Lanka, the major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74%) and the Tamil-speakers (18%). In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. Due to this, and other reasons, the relations between the Sinhala and the Tamil communities got strained over time. Question 24: Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain the role of government in this sector. Answer: Construction of roads, bridges, railways, harbours, generating electricity, providing irrigation through dams, health, education etc. are a few examples of public sector activities. Government has taken up these activities because these require a huge amount of investment which is beyond the capacity of the private sector. Several things are needed by the society as a whole which the private sector will not provide at a reasonable cost. Even if they do provide these things, they would charge a high rate for their use. Let us further understand this with the help of an example. Selling electricity at a price which covers the full cost of generation may push up the cost of production in industries. Many units, specially small scale units, might have to shut down. Government here steps in by producing and supplying electricity at rates which these industries can afford. So the government has to bear a part of the cost. Question 25: Discuss the need of service sector. Answer: Service sector is the most important sector of economy today. This sector amply complements and aids the other two sectors of the economy. Following are the needs of service sector: Production of goods is concentrated but the consumers are scattered all over the world. Goods are produced in large quantities but the consumers purchase them in small qualities. There is wide gap of distance, time, risk and knowledge between the production and consumption of goods. Primary and secondary sectors cannot develop without the service sector. Service sector helps in transportation of goods from factory to market and in allied activities, like banking insurances, etc. Question 26: Locate and label the following on the given outline political map of India. (i) The place where Congress session was held in September, 1920. (ii) The place where the Civil Disobedience Movement began. Question 27: Two features A, B are marked in the given outline political map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map. (A) The place where Indian National Congress session was held in 1929. (B) The place where Non-Cooperation Movement was called off. Answer: Question 28: Locate and label the following items on the same map with appropriate symbols. (i) Marmagao port (ii) Bokaro steel plant (iii) Talcher thermal power plant Note: The following questions are for the visually impaired candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 26, 27 and 28. (28.1) Where did Jallianwala massacre take place? (28.2) Where did Gandhiji break the Salt Law? (28.3) In which state is Paradip port situated? (28.4) Where is Meenmbakkam International Airport located? (28.5) Which power plant is located at Neyveli? Answer: (28.1) Amritsar (28.2) Dandi (28.3) Odisha (28.4) Chennai (28.5) Thermal power plant MODEL PAPER Question 1A: Who remarked, ‘When France Sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’? Answer: Mettemich remarked. OR Question 1B: How many countries comprise the Indo-China? Answer: Indo-China comprises three countries, i.e., Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Question 2A: Name the allegory of the French nation in the 19th century. Answer: Marianne, a popular Christian name which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. OR Question 2B: Who was Paul Bernard? Answer: Paul Bernard was an influential writer and policy maker who believed that economy of the colonies needed to be developed. Question 3: Minerals are deposited and accumulated in strata of which rocks? Answer: Sedimentary rocks. Question 4: Which soil is also known as Regur? Answer: Black soil. Question 5: Which is the largest multi-purpose project of India? Answer: Bhakhra Nangal is the largest multi-purpose project of India. Question 6: Which language is spoken by the majority of Belgians? Answer: Dutch language. Question 7: What are non-renewable resources? Answer: Resource which are not replenished by nature and get exhausted. For example, minerals. Question 8A: Why were the 1830s called the years of great economic hardship in Europe? Give any three reasons. Answer: The 1830s were called the year of great economic hardship in Europe. During the first half of the nineteenth century there was an enormous growth of population requiring lakhs of jobs. Due to the rise of population, unemployment also increased. The job seekers or unemployed people migrated from villages to cities for earning bread. The conditions of towns were also worse because of heavy production and cheap rates of products from England (it happened because of industrial Revolution of England). In agriculture, the peasants suffered because of less agrarian facilities and high inflation. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty. OR Question 8B: Write three main characteristics of Trieu Au, the rebel woman of Vietnam. Answer: Trieu Au was one of the most venerated rebel women of Vietnam during the third century CE. She was an orphan and lived with her brother. She resisted Chinese occupation until her death. When she grew up she left home, went into the jungle and organised a large army. At last when her army was crushed she drowned herself instead of surrendering. After her death, she was worshipped as a martyr with a sacred image. Reason behind her worship was her dedication to and sacrifice for her nation. Question 9: How and when nationalism captures the hearts and minds of people? [3] Answer: When people begin to believe strongly that they are part of the same nation. Also, when they discover common bonds that unite them, when they share the same struggles and have a common folklore, history and culture, then nationalism grips their hearts and minds. Question 10: Why are petroleum refineries termed as ‘nodal industries’? Answer: Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries. During fractional distillation of mineral oil, apart from petrol, diesel and kerosene which act as fuel, a number of byproducts like naptha, phyneyl, paraffin wax, asphalt or tar and a number of petrochemicals are obtained. Chemicai fertilisers, insecticides and chemicais, artificiai fibres and artificial rubber are products of petrochemicals. Thus, petrochemicals, provide raw materials for fertilisers, numerous chemicals, synthetic textiles, synthetic rubber and plastic industries. Question 11: Why are metalled roads better than unmetalled roads? What is the role of border roads and national highways in transportation? Answer: Metalled roads are made of either cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal are therefore more durable than unmetalled road. Unmetalled roads go out of use in rainy season. Border roads play an important role in connecting strategically important difficult areas and helps in the economic development of the area. National Highways are the primary road system which links extreme parts of the country. Question 12: Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to shift to and concentrate in the southern and western states in India? Give any three reasons. Answer: Three main reasons are as follows : (i) The cane produced has a higher sucrose content. (ii) The cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season. (iii) The cooperatives are more successful in these states. Question 13: What are the forms of challenges faced by different countries in respect to democracy? Answer: Countries which are not yet democratic face a foundational challenge-making a transition to democracy and establishing democratic governments. Many countries face the challenge of expansion. This means applying principles of democracy to all the state, local and regional levels. It means including all social and economic groups including women empowerment. All the democracies face the challenge of deepening of democracy. They have to improve and strengthen all institutions of democracy and curb all anti-democratic activities. Question 14: Write a short note on one-party system. Answer: One-party system is followed in China, North Korea and Cuba. This system was also prevalent in the USSR till its breakup into 15 independent states. They are mostly communist countries. There is no competition in this system. The lone party nominates candidates and the voters have to say “yes” or “no” only against the name of the candidates. They have another choice of not voting at all. ‘ One-party system is popular in communist or authoritarian countries. Supporters of one-party system claim that this system helps the government in mobilising the talents of all citizens towards a common goal. But this system limits the choices and freedom of the citizens, hence it is not a good system for a democracy. In democracy people must have at least two parties to choose from. Question 15: What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities? Answer: (i) The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general views. (ii) It is necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion, race, linguistic group, etc. Different persons or groups should be allowed to form a government as a result of an election conducted. Question 16: Which are the two major sources of formal sector credit in India ? Why do we need to expand the formal sources of credit? Answer: The two major sources of formal sector credit in India are — commercial banks and cooperative societies. We need to expand formal sources of credit due to following reasons : (i) Informal sources of credit exploit the poors resulting in putting them into debt-traps. (ii) Formal sources of credit are cheaper and thus they help in country’s development. Question 17: Describe three features of Self-Help Group (SHG). Answer: The features of Self-Help Group (SHG) are : (i) People form their personal groups for the purpose of savings and also lend money among themselves. (ii) Rate of interest is lower than informal service providers. (iii) They can also avail loans from banks if their savings are regular. Question 18: How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across the countries? Give any three examples. Answer: Foreign trade is the main channel which connects the markets of various countries. Foreign trade lead to integration of markets across the countries as follows: Creates opportunities for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets or the markets of their own countries. Import of goods from various countries provides choice of goods for consumers beyond the goods thet ere produced domesticeMy. Producers of different countries compete with each other although they are thousands of miles away. Question 19A: Write a short note on the developments or innovations in the printing technology in the 19th century. Answer: There were a series of innovations in the printing technology in the 19th century. Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the power-driven cylindrical press. He could print 8000 sheets per hour. His press was very useful for printing newspapers. The late 19th century saw the development of offset press capable of printing six colours at a time. Electrically-operated press in the early 20th century increased the rate of printing operations. Methods of feeding paper improved, quality of plates became better, machines were fed automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of colour register were introduced. OR Question 19B: Outline the changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readership of the novel in the 18th century in Europe. Answer: Technological improvement and development in printing led to more and more books being printed. More books led to larger sales. In fact, the novels were mass produced and sold rapidly. More books brought the prices down and even the poor could afford them. In the beginning novels were not cheap. One volume of ’Tom Jones ’ written by Henry Fielding cost three shillings and there were six volumes of the book. The price was more than a labourer could earn in a week. Novels were lent out by circulating libraries and publishers made profit. Question 20A: Discuss why the Europeans were motivated to establish colonies. Answer: Europe became the centre of world trade by the nineteenth century, mainly sustained by colonies. Colonisation of Americas was motivated more by the greed of wealth and search for a better life. On the other hand, colonisation of Asian and African countries was also motivated by conditions in Europe, caused by the Industrial Revolution and greed for economic and political dominance of the world. Many factors motivated the Europeans to establish colonies : Some Europeans left for America seeking better life, and some were dissenters and prisoners. The Industrial Revolution created the need for unlimited resources and cheap labour. They needed raw materials to feed the growing industries. They also needed markets for distribution. They needed colonies. Missionary zeal of the Jesuits and nationalism inspired further exploration, conversion and territorial expansion. OR Question 20B: How had a series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficiency of each step of the production process in cotton textile industry? Explain. Answer: A series of inventions in the 18th century increased the efficiency of each step of the production process in cotton textile industry. Each step means carding, twisting, spinning and rolling. They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more and produce stronger threads and yam. Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Before this, cloth production was carried out within village households. Now costly machines could be set up in the mill and all the mill processes were completed under one roof. Spinning jenny devised by James Hargreaves in 1764 speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel, a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at a time. The steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1781, was used in cotton mills. Factories came up in large numbers and by 1840, cotton textile became the leading sector in industrialisation. The expansion of railways also helped in production of textile goods. OR Question 20C: Discuss how London emerged as the largest city in the world in the nineteenth century. Answer: The city of London became the largest city in the world by the late nineteenth century. It was the most powerful imperial centre by the beginning of the twentieth century. Various factors were responsible for it, as given below : Causes: Increase in population. One out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. Industrial Revolution started in Britain. The enclosures of farms and abolishment of com laws made many farmers migrate to towns and cities such as London, Manchester and Leeds. Migrants from rural areas were attracted to the textile mills of Manchester and Leeds in large numbers after the 1850s. Colonisation and political dominance in global trade led to great wealth and capital, making London the hub of world trade and commerce. The population expanded throughout the nineteenth century from one million in 1810 to 4 million in 1880. They constituted aristocrats, administrators, semi-skilled and skilled artisans, workers, traders, beggars, etc. Important industries were the dockyards, clothing, footwear, metallurgy, etc. During the First World War, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods. Question 21: Give examples of traditional water harvesting systems prevalent in various parts of India. Answer: Traditional water harvesting systems prevalent in various parts of India includes the following methods : Diversion channels like ‘guls’ and ‘kuls’ of Western Himalayas are built in hilly and mountain areas for irrigating agricultural fields. In hilly areas of Meghalya, bamboo-drip irrigation system taps stream and spring water. Inundation channels are constructed to irrigate agricultural fields in the floodplains of Bengal. In the arid regions of Rajasthan agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structures locally known as ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan. These structures allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil. Rooftop rainwater harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water particularly in Rajasthan. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground ‘tankas’ or ‘tanks’ for storing drinking water. Question 22: What makes India a federation? Answer: The Constitution declared India as a Union of states. The following points clearly show that the Indian Union is based on the principles of federalism – The Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union government and the State governments in the three lists—Union, State and Concurrent lists. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy. This sharing of power is basic to the structure of the Constitution, and it cannot be changed by Parliament; it has to be ratified by at least half of the state legislatures. In a federation, judiciary solves the disputes between different levels of government. In any such case of a dispute, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision. Question 23: Do you agree with the view that casteism has not disappeared from Indian society? Discuss. Answer: Although the old barriers of caste system are breaking down, casteism still continues to be there in the Indian society. Some of the older aspects of caste system have persisted : Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe. Untouchability has not ended completely, despite the constitutional provisions to prohibit it. Effects of centuries of advantages and disadvantages continue to be felt today. For example, the caste groups that had access to education under the old system, have done very well in acquiring modem education as well, while those that were prohibited have lagged behind. Question 24: The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in the organized and unorganized sectors. Read the table carefully and answer the questions that follow : Workers In Different Sectors (In Millions) Sector Organised Unorganised Total Primary 2 240 242 Secondary 9 54 63 Tertiary 17 76 93 Total 28 370 398 Total in Percentage 7% 93% 100% (i) Which is the most important sector that provides most jobs to the people? (ii) What is the number of persons engaged in the unorganised sector? (iii) Why is the unorganised sector more important? Give one reason. (iv) Which is the most important organised sector? Give one reason. Answer: (i) The primary sector is the most important sector that provides most jobs to the people. (ii) The number of person engaged in the unorganised sector is 370 million. (iii) Unorganised sector is more important because it provides employment to a far greater number of people, specially from lower strata of society, when compared to those employed by the organised sector. (iv) Tertiary sector is the most important organised sector because it employs more people as compared to primary and secondary sectors. In addition, it is the backbone which further boosts the growth of primary and secondary sectors. For example, infrastructure and communication help in smooth flow of goods and services across the country. Question 25: Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these? [5] Answer: Two different kinds of people are engaged in service sector. These are (i) Highly skilled and educated workers in small numbers. (ii) A very large number of unskilled workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, transport persons (drivers) etc. Highly educated workers include teachers, lawyers, doctors and people producing other services. (iii) Highly skilled workers draw bigger salaries and perks than unskilled workers. Question 26: Locate and label the following in the given outline political map of India. [1] Answer: (i) Champaran (ii) Kheda Question 27: Two features (A) and (B) are marked in the given outline political map of India Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map. [1] (A) The centre of calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement. (B) The place where the Indian National Congress session of September 1920 was held. Question 28: Three features A, B and C are marked in the given outline political map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map. [3] (A) Terminal station of the East West Corridor. (B) Oil Field (C) Thermal Power Plant Note : The following questions are for blind candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 26, 27, and 28. [5] (28.1) Where was the first peasant Satyagraha held by Gandhiji? (28.1) Where was the non-cooperation movement called off? (28.1) Where is the Terminal station of East- West Corridor? (28.1) Name an oilfield in Gujarat. (28.1) Name a thermal power plant in Telangana. Answer: (28.1) Champaran (28.1) Chauri-Chaura (28.1) Silchar (28.1) Ankeleswar (28.1) Ramagund MODEL QUESTION PAPER Question 1A: Greece had been part of which empire since the fifteenth century? Answer: Ottoman Empire OR Question 1B: Who were called colons in Vietnam? Answer: French citizens living in Vietnam were called colons. Question 2A: Which famous English poet organized funds for the Greek war of independence and went to fight in the war? Answer: Lord Byron. OR Question 2B: Which country established her power in Vietnam during the early phase of twentieth century? Answer: France. Question 3: Name two states where red soil is found. Answer: Jharkhand and West Bengal. Question 4: How much percentage of world’s surface area is occupied by freshwater? Answer: 2.5 per cent. Question 5: Jhumming agriculture is popular in which part of India? Answer: Northeastern states of India. Question 6: In which year Sri Lanka became an independent country? Answer: Sri Lanka became an independent country in 1948. Question 7: Which method is used to find out if an adult is undernourished? Answer: Body Mass Index (BMI) method. Question 8A: How was Italy unified? Explain. Answer: The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler. King Victor Emmanuel II, to unify the Italian states through war. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. By a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Regular troops and a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy. OR Question 8B: Explain any three steps taken by the French to achieve their aim to exploit the natural resources of Vietnam. Answer: (i) The French built canals and drained land in the Mekong area to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works, built mainly with forced labour, increased rice production and allowed export of rice to international markets. By 1931, Vietnam had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world. (ii) The French followed rice production with infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, military garrisons and to control the whole region. (iii) The construction of Trans-Indo-China rail network began to link northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China. The final link with Yunan was completed by 1910. A second line was built, linking Vietnam to Siam. Question 9: What was the objective of Simon Commission? Why was it opposed in India? Answer: The effects of the worldwide economic depression in the late 1920s were severely felt in the countryside in India. Against this background the new Tory government in Britain constituted a statutory commission under Sir John Simon. Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But the problem was that the Commission did not have a single Indian member. Ail members were British. When the Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan, ‘Go Back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, opposed it and participated in the demonstrations. Question 10: Why does the pattern on net sown area vary from one state to another? Answer: On account of the vast ovnansa of India its relief. climate soil and sociol-economic set-up vary from region to region. The pattern of net sown area is over 80 per cent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana. Geographical conditions like climate and soil here are favourable for cultivation Further, due to agricultural advancement through Green Revolution, more areas have been brought under cultivation. On the other hand, less than 10 per cent of the total area is net sown area in Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Topographical constraints, unfavourable climate and socio-economic reasons account for the low proportion or net sown areas in these states. Question 11: Which type of soil is ideal for growth of cotton? What are the main characteristics of this type of soil? Answer: Black soil, primarily of the Deccan Trap region, is ideal for the growth of cotton. This soil type is also known as black cotton soil for this reason. Black soil is well known for its moisture or water retentive capacity because it is clayey in nature. It is rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime but generally poor in phosphoric contents. On account of its clayey nature, black soil develops deep cracks in the hot dry season. This aids proper aeration of the soil. This soil becomes sticky when wet and difficult to work unless tilled immediately after the first shower during the pre-monsoon period. Question 12: Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. Give examples. Answer: Metallic minerals can be classified into ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. Ferrous Minerals Non-Ferrous Minerals (i) Metallic minerals containing iron are called ferrous minerals. Metallic minerals that contain metals other than iron are non-ferrous minerals. (ii) They account for about three-fourths of the total value of production of metallic minerals in India. India’s reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory. (iii)Iron ore, manganese, chromite, tungsten, nickel and cobalt are examples of ferrous minerals. Copper, lead, tin, bauxite and gold are examples of non-ferrous minerals as they do not contain iron. Question 13: Describe the power-sharing mechanism in Lebanon. Answer: As per the agreement: (i) President must belong to the Maronite sect of Catholic Christians. (ii) The Prime Minister must be from the Sunni Muslim community. (iii) The post of Deputy Prime Minister is fixed for Orthodox Christian sect and that of the Speaker for Shia Muslims. (iv) The Christians agreed not to seek French protection and the Muslims agreed not to seek unification with Syria. Question 14: Why is it said that a positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate it do not come about easily? Answer: This is so because people who feel marginalised, deprived and discriminated have to fight against the injustices. But when such a fight takes the democratic path, demands are made in a peaceful manner based on constitutional methods. But sometimes social differences can take the form of unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However, it is proved by history that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and to accommodate diversity. Question 15: Discuss the ways in which social divisions are reflected in a democracy. Answer: In a democracy, it is natural that political parties talk about the social divisions and make different promises to different communities. They look after the representation of various communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities. Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others. Question 16: How are economic development and human development related to each other? Answer: Human development refers to the process of improvements in human beings. People become human resources when investments in them are made in the form of health and education. Life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, per capita GDP are important indicators of human development. Economic development will be sustainable if resources are managed in such a way that future generations do not suffer and have at least the same which present generations have. Question 17: What does Human Development Index (HDl) indicate? By whom is HDl prepared? Answer: Human Development Index (HDl): It makes rating of all countries on a scale of 0 to 1. 0 indicates the lowest human development and 1 indicates the highest human development. Two important points about HDl are : (i) It measures relative and not absolute level of human development. (ii) The main emphasis of HDl is on goals, i.e. longevity, knowledge and standard of living (expressed in real per capita income). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been preparing HDl since 1990. Question 18: What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with the help of an example. Answer: Disguised unemployment is a situation where the number of workers engaged in a job is much more than required. If some of them are withdrawn from the job, the total production will not fall. It means that marginal productivity of such workers is zero. Let us understand it with the help of an example. Laxmi owning about 2 hectares of land is growing crops. All the five members of the family work on the plot throughout the year. Suppose they produce 20 quintals of foodgrains. Now suppose instead of 5, only 3 members work next year and the output is still 20 quintals. It means that three members were enough to work. The other two members are then said to be disguisedly unemployed. Question 19A: A What is globalisation? Explain. Answer: Globalisation is generally associated with the free movement of capital, goods, technology, ideas and people across the globe. Globalisation in a broader sense also includes cultural exchanges between different countries of the world. In modem world, globalisation has acquired special significance due to development of Internet technology and telecommunication. Therefore, globalisation involves the following features : (i) Economic freedom to trade internationally. (ii) Migration in search of employment and a better life. (iii) Cultural exchange like the spread of Buddhism and knowledge. The interlinking of the world is a continuous process from the past. In modem days, interlinking is faster and involves more people. In other words, the world is shrinking in terms of communication and trade. OR Question 19B: What were the positive effects of industrialization on Britain? Answer: The political, social and economic life of the people was affected by industrialization. Industrialization was adopted slowly by the people, but when they did, it spread to many cities and towns. Variations existed in terms of wealth and figures. Till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 per cent of the urban population were extremely poor. Life improved after the 1840s due to massive building activities involving urbanisation, road construction, railways, tunnels, drainage and sewers. Most of the labourers were occupied in these activities. The number of workers employed in transport industry doubled after the 1840s. OR Question 19C : Discuss how Bombay (Mumbai) emerged as the prime city of India. Answer: Bombay (Mumbai) was the most important city of India. Its size expanded from the late nineteenth century and population grew from 6,44,405 in 1872 to nearly 1,500,000 in 1941. It passed into the hands of Britain in 1661 as a dowry to King Charles II from his Portuguese bride. The English East India Company shifted its base from Surat in Gujarat to Bombay (Mumbai). Bombay (Mumbai) was initially a major outlet of cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium passed through it. By the end of the nineteenth century, it became the centre of administrative and industrial control in western India. The importance of Bombay (Mumbai) grew due to maritime trade and as a junction head of two major railways. Question 20A : What did the spread of print culture in the 19th century India mean to : (a) women (b) the poor? Answer: (a) Women : (i) Women’s reading increased due to education at home and later, in women’s schools. (ii) Many journals were written for women by women. They contained everything that would interest a woman — household hints, fashions, rituals. Novels in vernacular languages (Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Tamil and Marathi) highlighted the miserable conditions of women in society. They spoke against denial of education to women, supported widow remarriage and national movement. They serialized stories and provided entertainment to women. (b) The Poor : Public libraries were opened in big towns, cities and big villages, which made reading accessible to the general public. Some millworkers of Kanpur wrote books about the desperate conditions of the poor. Chief among them were Kashibaba, who wrote Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 against the caste and class distinctions. By the 1930s, Bangalore (Bengaluru) cotton workers also set up libraries to educate themselves. OR Question 20B : Describe in brief the role of novels in popularising the sense of belongingness to a common nation. Answer: Imagining a heroic past was one way in which the novels helped in popularising the sense of beloging to a common nation. Another was to include various classes in the novels so that they could be seen to belong to a shared world. Premchand’s novels, for example, were filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society. The novels promoted an understanding of different people, different values and differentcommunities. Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s Anguriyo Binimoy (1857) was the first historical novel written in Bengali. It glorifies Shivaji and his many battles against the clever and treacherous Aurangzeb, the Mughal ruler. Shivaji became a nationalist figure fighting for the freedom of the Hindus. Question 21 : Name the ore from which aluminium is obtained. Why is aluminium considered to be an important metal? Name the areas which have rich deposits of the ore of aluminium. Answer: Aluminium is obtained mainly from bauxite. Though several ores contain aluminium, it is from bauxite, a reddish-brown, residual clay-like substance, that alumina and later aluminium is obtained. Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Aluminium is considered to be an important metal because of its properties and wide variety of uses. It combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness. So it is used for manufacturing of aircrafts and transport vehicles. lt has great malleability. It is used for construction purposes to make door, windows, rods and for making utensils. lt also has quality of good conductivity and is used in electrical conductors. Rich deposits of bauxite, the ore of aluminium, are found mainly in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Odisha is the leading producer accounting for about 45 per cent of the total bauxite production in the country. Question 22 : How does democracy lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens? Explain. Answer: Democracies accommodate various social divisions. For example, Belgium has peacefully solved her ethnic problems and resolved social differences.  All democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct competition, i.e. conduct elections, power-sharing, etc. This reduces the possibility of tensions, due to social divisions, turning violent or explosive. Democracy teaches people to respect the differences and resolve conflicts among different groups peacefully. In non-democratic countries, rulers either turn a blind eye to or suppress internal differences. For example, Sri Lanka. The plus point of a democratic regime is its ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts. A democracy is not just a rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that the government represents the general view. A democratic government ensures that the rule by the majority does not become autocratic in terms of religion, race or linguistic group etc. It tries that in case of every election, different persons and groups can form a majority. It tries to see that every citizen has a chance to be in majority at some point of time and is not barred on the basis of birth. All these things ensured by a democratic regime lead to a peaceful and harmonious life. Question 23 : Discuss the merits and demerits of two-party system and multi-party system. Answer: In some countries, there are only two main parties and power changes hands between them only. They are the only ones who can win seats in elections. There may be other parties and they may win a small number of seats, but never enough to form a government. The United States of America and United Kingdom are examples of the two-party system. In a multi-party system, three or more parties have a chance to win elections and gain control of the government. In the former system, there are more than two distinct, officially recognized groups called political parties. In a multi-party system, groups come to power on their own strength or in alliance with others. In India various parties have come together in a coalition. In India, there have been three major alliances in the 2004 parliamentary elections as no single party got an absolute majority. This system is followed in India, France and Denmark. This system gives a chance to various interests and concerns, to gain representation. This system can sometimes lead to instability, as many parties cannot pull together. Question 24 : Differentiate between formal and informal sources of credit. Answer: Formal Sources Informal Sources 1. Formal sources of credit arc loans from banks and cooperative societies. 1. Informal sources of credit are money-lenders. traders, employers, relatives. friends etc. 2. Functioning of formal sources of credit is governed by Reserve Bank of India. Their interest rate and money lending details are periodically checked by RBI 2. There is no organisation that manage or check the credit activities performed by informal sources. 3. Rate of interest is common and fixed for all formal sources and borrowers. 3. Rate of interest depends upon the choice of moneylenders. 4. Formal sources of credit needs to satisfy all the terms of credit before credit, activities. 4. Informal sources of credit are flexible in term of credit. 5. They provide cheap and affordable credit for both urban and rural borrowers interest. 5. They generally charge higher rate of interest. Question 25 : Explain any four ways in which multinational corporations have spread their production and interaction with local producers in various countries across the globe. Answer: The multinational corporations have spread their production and interaction with local producers in the following ways : Setting up production jointly with local companies. They provide money for additional investments like buying new machines for faster production. For example : Cargil Foods, a very large MNC (USA), has bought smaller Indian companies such as Parekh Foods. The MNCs provide efficient managerial and advanced technology for faster production and efficient use of resources. They have increased their investments over the past 15 years. They provide employment opportunities to the masses. The local companies supplying raw material to these industries have prospered. Many food processing multinational companies such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola have taken over Indian markets in cold drinks and food products. This helps in greater choice for consumers with a variety of goods at cheap prices. Question 26 : Locate and label the following in the given outline political map of India. Answer: (i) Amritsar (ii) The place where Indian National Congress Session was held in 1927. Question 27 : Two features A and B are marked in the given outline political map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map. (A) The place where Indian National Congress session was held in 1929. (B) The place where Non-Cooperation Movement was called off. Answer: (A) Lahore (B) Chauri-Chaura Question 28 : Locate and label the following items on the given map with appropriate symbols. Answer: (i) Narora Nuclear Power Station (ii) Surat Textile Centre (iii) Tuticorin Seaport  (28.1) Name the place where Congress session was held in December, 1920. (28.2) Name the place where the Satyagraha of cotton mill workers took place. (28.3) In which state is Kalpakkam Nuclear power plant located? (28.4) Name the southern terminal station of North-South Corridor. (28.5) In which state is Rawat Bhata Nuclear Power Plant located? Answer: (28.1) Nagpur (28.2) Ahmedabad (28.3) Tamil Nadu (28.4) Kanniyakumari (28.5) Rajasthan